The term acid was comes from the Latin word root ac-, meaning “sharp”, as in acetum, vinegar. Acids have long been acknowledged as a distinctive class of compounds whose aqueous solutions exhibit the following properties:
1. A characteristic sour taste
2. Ability to change the color of litmus1 from blue to red
3. React with certain metals to produce gaseous H2
Acids play a central role in chemistry because, with the exception of redox reactions, every chemical reaction can be classified as an acid-base reaction.
Acids can be classified as mineral acids and organic acid.
Different acids have different formulae. For e.g., the formula for sulphuric acid is H2SO4; the formula for nitric acid is HNO3. But one common thing in all acids is that they always have at least one hydrogen atom in their molecule.
Let us see about acetic acid formula. All organic acids contain the carboxyl group,-COOH, as their functional group. Of those which contain one carboxyl group in each molecule the commonest aliphatic ones are the so-called fatty acids, which form a homologous series of general molecular formula CH2n+1.COOH. The lowest members are formic acid H.COOH and the acetic acid is CH3 COOH.
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids (the second-simplest, next to formic acid). It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate mainly used in soft drink bottles; cellulose acetate, mainly for photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry acetic acid is used under the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator.
Thus Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell.
In the past it referred to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3 to 12 on the periodic table. All elements in the d-block are metals. (In actuality, the f-block is also subtended—in the form of the lanthanide and actinide series.)
Transition metals have smaller atomic volumes than Group I and II metals because additional electrons are being progressively added to the inner atomic orbitals resulting in stronger attraction to the nucleus.
Transition MetalsNon-Transition MetalsSymbol V Cr Mn Fe Co Cu Na Mg Al K Ca Ba Atomic Number
(Z) 23 24 25 26 27 29 11 12 13 19 20 56 Valence Shell
Electron Configuration 3d34s2 3d54s1 3d54s2 3d64s2 3d74s2 3d104s1 3s1 3s2 3s23p1 4s1 4s2 6s2Density
(g cm-3) 6.1 7.2 7.4 7.9 8.9 8.9 0.97 1.7 2.7 0.86 1.6 3.5 Melting Point
(oC) 1900 1900 1250 1540 1490 1083 98 650 660 64 838 714 Boiling Point
(oC) 3450 2642 2100 3000 2900 2600 892 1110 2450 770 1490 1640
Consider a body moving with different velocities throughout its journey. The magnitude of its velocity changes with time. To find the velocity of the body on the whole of the journey of the body, we use the average velocity concept. Average velocity is defined as the ratio of total displacement to total time.
If 's' is total the displacement of the body and 't' is the total time taken by the body to complete the displacement, we have Vav = s/t
Introduction to angular velocity formula: To explain the angular velocity formula fist we need to explain the uniform circular motion and angular displacement. If a particle moves along a circular path with a constant speed that means it covers equal distances along the circumference of the circle in equal interval of time, then its motion is said to be uniform circular motion. For example, motion of the tip of a minute hand of a clock. Uniform circular motion is accelerated motion because the speed remains constant throughout the motion but the direction of motion changes at every instant.
Introduction to terminal velocity formula: The air, water or other fluid is exert the force at constant speed to object moving in fluid dynamics. The net force is zero when upward force is equal to gravity force that is acceleration of object is zero. The rerminal velocity is based on drag weight so if it is reduced, the terminal velocity also decrease.
Velocity: Velocity is the measure taken between the distance and the time. It is described as the rate of change of displacement with time. The speed and velocity are same except that the velocity has a direction. For a body which has straight line motion, the velocity and speed are same.
Let us see how to calculate velocity.
How do you Calculate Velocity Formulas:
Velocity = Distance traveled/ Time taken
Or
Velocity= Displacement / Time taken
Unit of velocity: It depends on the units of time and displacement.
SI unit of velocity: The SI unit of velocity is meter per second because the SI unit of displacement is meter and the SI unit of time is second.
Let us see the introduction about Geothermal Wind Energy. Geothermal energy is used to store the heat in the earth and it extracted the power from earth. The motion of the wind is converted into mechanical energy by rotating the wind turbine also called wind mill, which is used to produce electricity.
Geothermal heat pumps have several advantages and disadvantages. Which geothermal system is right for a given installation, or even whether to use a geothermal system, depends on the circumstances of that particular installation.
Geothermal energy is used for the home appliances and heat is taken from the earth.
In both commercial and residential installations, geothermal heat pump systems typically have lower maintenance costs than conventional systems as all equipment is installed inside the building or underground. This means that there is no outside equipment exposed to weather and vandalism. All refrigerant systems are sealed, similar to household refrigerators.
Wind energy is freely available and inexhaustible.
Geothermal wind energy power production cost is low.
No consumption of fuel and hence no fuel cost and transportation problems.
Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy:
Wind energy is not continuously available and fluctuating in nature.
Noisy in operation.
Geothermal systems tend to have a somewhat higher first cost than conventional systems. Open-loop systems have more potential problems than either conventional systems or closed-loop geothermal systems because they bring outside water into the unit. This can lead to clogging, mineral deposits, and corrosion in the system.
Large land area is required.
These are advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy.
Metals are the oldest toxin known to man. They are present in the rocks and ores. Rain water dissolves them and distributes them in the environment. We get exposed to them because we use them for various purposes.
Chemical elements lacking the typical metal properties are classed as nonmetals. A few elements, known as metalloids, sometimes behave like a metal and at other times like a nonmetal. Some examples of metalloids are as follows: carbon, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. The properties of different metals can be combined by mixing two or more of them together. The resulting substance is called an alloy. Pure elemental metals are often too soft to be of practical use which is why much of metallurgy focuses on formulating useful alloys.
Steel, for example, is a mixture of iron and small amounts of carbon and other elements. Other alloys like brass (copper and zinc) and bronze (copper and tin) are easy to shape and beautiful to look at. Bronze is also used frequently in ship-building because it is resistant to corrosion from sea water.
In our next blog we shall learn about "dipole moment"
I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
A compound is a combination of two or more elements in a definite proportion. The ratio of elements in a particular compound is always same. It can be decomposed into its elements by using some physical or chemical methods. Example. H2O is a compound where one Oxygen atom combines with two Hydrogen atoms.
Compounds are mainly of two types.
1. Organic compounds: Organic compounds are the compounds which are obtained from plant and animal sources. They are the carbon compounds (molecules containing carbon). Example. Methane
2. Inorganic compounds: Inorganic compounds are compounds obtained from non living sources. Example. Minerals
Mixtures
Examples of Mixtures. Mixture contains a combination of two or more elements or compounds mixed together without any chemical bonds. Mixtures can be combined with varying proportions of each substance. It can be separated into individual elements or compounds. Some common examples of the mixtures are soil, air, sea water etc., There are two types of mixtures. They are
1. Homogeneous Mixture: All the components exist in a single phase and they are uniformly mixed. These mixtures are also called as solution. Potassium sulfide solution is a homogenous mixture.
2. Heterogeneous Mixture: The components exist in more than one phase. They are not uniformly mixed. A mixture of water and oil is heterogenous in nature.
In our next blog we shall learn about the properties of compound and mixture. I hope the above explanation was useful. keep reading and leave your comments.
